Book Title: Critical Thinking
Contents
Book Information
Book Description
Critical Thinking is an Open Educational Resource (OER) textbook focused on Critical Thinking with a particular emphasis on Psychology and the Social Sciences. It addresses the need for students to critically evaluate information in an era where access to information is vast, but misinformation is prevalent. This resource also attempts to introduce students to the universality of critical thinking instead of the narrower views prevalent in most textbooks. The textbook combines new material authored by the project lead, Dinesh Ramoo, with adaptations from other OER resources.
License
Critical Thinking Copyright © 2026 by Dinesh Ramoo, Thompson Rivers University Open Press is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
Subject
The Arts
Metadata
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Critical Thinking Copyright © 2026 by Dinesh Ramoo, Thompson Rivers University Open Press is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
© 2025 Dinesh Ramoo
Critical Thinking by Dinesh Ramoo has been created from a combination of original content and materials compiled and adapted from a number of open text publications, including:
This work has a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA license applied, which permits you to retain, reuse, copy, redistribute, and revise this book—in whole or in part—for free providing the author is attributed as follows:
Critical Thinking by Dinesh Ramoo, Thompson Rivers University Open Press is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license.
This adaptation includes the following changes and additions which are © 2025 by Dinesh Ramoo and are licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence:
- Overall, revising text to make it fit a British Columbia and Canadian context. This included reordering, renaming, adding, and removing chapters and sections as needed.
- Adding Canadian and local British Columbia content and context.
The following sections are original content by Dinesh Ramoo:
In addition, content has been adapted from the following sources and incorporated into various chapters. Content from these sources is attributed at the end of the chapter it appears in or in a footnote:
Chapter 1
- An Introduction to Philosophy, by W. Russ Payne (2015), BC Campus, is used under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
- Introduction to History and Philosophy of Science, by Hakob Barseghyan, Nicholas Overgaard, & Gregory Rupik (2018), Open Library, eCampus Ontario, is used under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Chapter 2
- Absolute knowledge. In Introduction to History and Philosophy of Science (Barseghyan, Overgaard & Rupik, 2018), Open Library, eCampus Ontario is used under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Chapter 3
- Research Methods in Psychology (4th ed.) by Rajiv S. Jhangiani, I-Chant A. Chiang, Carrie Cuttler; and Dana C. Leighton (2019), Kwantlen Polytechnic University is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
- From the “replicability crisis” to open science practices. In Research Methods in Psychology – 2nd Canadian Edition by I-Chant A. Chiang; Rajiv S. Jhangiani; and Paul C. Price is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
- 1.1 Psychology as a science. In Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition by Sally Walters (2020), Thompson Rivers University is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
https://psychology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/1-1-psychology-as-a-science/ - Absolute knowledge. In Introduction to History and Philosophy of Science (Barseghyan, Overgaard & Rupik, 2018), Open Library, eCampus Ontario is used under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Chapter 4
- “1.1 Psychology as a Science” in Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition (Walters, 2020), via Thompson Rivers University is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
- Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking by Matthew J. Van Cleave (2016), B.C. Open Collection is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Chapter 5
- Chapter “12. Analyzing the Data” in Research Methods in Psychology by Jhangiani et al. (2019), via Kwantlen Polytechnic University is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
- Chapter “3. Scientific Method” in Introduction to History and Philosophy of Science by Barseghyan et al. (2018), via eCampusOntario, is used under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Chapter 6
- Research Methods in Psychology, 4th edition by Jhiangiani et al. (2019), via Kwantlen Polytechnic University, is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Chapter 7
- Research Methods in Psychology, 4th edition by Jhiangiani et al. (2019), via Kwantlen Polytechnic University, is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Chapter 8
- Research Methods in Psychology, 4th edition by Jhiangiani et al. (2019), via Kwantlen Polytechnic University, is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Chapter 9
- Research Methods in Psychology, 4th edition by Jhiangiani et al. (2019), via Kwantlen Polytechnic University, is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Chapter 10
- Research Methods in Psychology, 4th edition by Jhiangiani et al. (2019)
- 2.3 Analyzing Findings, In Psychology 2e by Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, & Marilyn D. Lovett (2020), is used under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Chapter 11
- Principles of Social Psychology (1st International H5P Edition) by Dr. Rajiv Jhangiani and Dr. Hammond Tarry (2022), BCcampus, is adapted under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
If you redistribute all or part of this book, it is recommended the following statement be added to the copyright page so readers can access the original book at no cost:
Download for free at https://criticalthinking.pressbooks.tru.ca/
Sample APA-style citation (7th Edition):
Ramoo, D., (2025). Critical thinking. Thompson Rivers University Open Press. https://criticalthinking.pressbooks.tru.ca/
Cover image attribution:
Critical Thinking © Dinesh Ramoo, 2025.